In 2003, the U.S. Study of Environmental Arctic Change (SEARCH) hosted an international meeting to review evidence of system-wide Arctic environmental change. Since then, rate and extent of such change have increased and are impacting Arctic communities, ecosystems, and society at large. The State of the Arctic (SoA) Conference, held in spring of 2010, brought together over 400 participants from 16 countries, including representatives of indigenous organizations, to exchange new findings from research in a changing Arctic. Reflecting the close coupling between different components of the Arctic system, the international conference organizing committee grouped contributions into four themes: (1) Advances in Understanding the Arctic System, Including Human Dimensions, (2), Arctic Changeâ??Rapid, System-Scale Changes and the Capability to Project Future States of the Arctic System Under Various Scenarios, (3) Linkages to the Earth Systemâ??Linkages and Feedbacks Between the Arctic System and the Earth System, and (4) Human Dimensions of Arctic Changeâ??Translating Research into Solutions. Here, we review highlights and key outcomes of the meeting.