The paper considers the material,economic, and social bases of human vital functions on the verge of application of nanotechnologies to practice, as well as the economic, social, and ecological-and-hygienic prospects for their introduction. The authors propose to improve the institutional structure of a state for the provision of a human priority at the introduction stage of nanotechnologies. They justify the need for applying the right of ownership to a citizen's health and for harmonizing this right with other economic, cultural, and environmental ones.