We analyzed data from a survey of occupational factors and pregnancy outcome to examine the effects of cigarette, alcohol, and coffee consumption on pregnancy outcome. Clear and statistically significant associations were found between cigarette and alcohol consumption and spontaneous abortion. There was a weaker but statistically significant association with coffee consumption: If the associations were casual, 11% of the spontaneous abortions could be attributed to smoking, 5% to alcohol, and 2% to coffee.
Notes
Cites: Am J Epidemiol. 1978 Dec;108(6):470-9736026
Cites: N Engl J Med. 1977 Oct 13;297(15):793-6895818
Cites: Epidemiology. 1990 Sep;1(5):382-52078614
Cites: Am J Epidemiol. 1989 Jan;129(1):65-752910073
Cites: Br J Ind Med. 1988 Sep;45(9):577-803052569
Cites: Br J Ind Med. 1988 Mar;45(3):148-573348991
Cites: J Epidemiol Community Health. 1984 Mar;38(1):29-356707560
Cites: Br J Ind Med. 1987 Aug;44(8):521-63651350
Cites: Am J Epidemiol. 1985 Nov;122(5):904-144050778
Cites: Lancet. 1980 Jul 26;2(8187):173-66105340
Cites: Lancet. 1980 Jul 26;2(8187):176-806105341
Cites: J Occup Med. 1984 Sep;26(9):676-86481503
Cites: Am J Epidemiol. 1984 Nov;120(5):727-336541871