It has been proposed that hypospadias, cryptorchidism and testicular cancer, as well as decreasing sperm quality are symptoms of an underlying entity called testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS). We wanted to study the risk factors for hypospadias and compare them with those of the other conditions belonging to TDS. A large case-control study was undertaken on data on all live-born boys registered in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway during the period 1967-1998 (n = 961 396; hypospadias cases = 2382). Logistic regression analysis was used to study the association between potential risk factors and hypospadias, estimated by odds ratio (OR). The risk factors for hypospadias were divided into four categories: (i) maternal characteristics, e.g. low parity [p(trend)
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Comment In: Int J Androl. 2004 Aug;27(4):189-9115271197