We examined the dosing regimens, compliance, and outcomes of premature infants who received palivizumab within the Canadian Registry of Palivizumab (CARESS). Infants receiving =1 dose of palivizumab during the 2006-2011 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) seasons were recruited across 30 sites. Respiratory illness events were captured monthly. Infants =32 completed weeks gestational age (GA) (Group 1) were compared to 33-35 completed weeks GA infants (Group 2) following prophylaxis. In total, 6,654 patients were analyzed (Group 1, n?=?5,183; Group 2, n?=?1,471). The mean GA was 29.9?±?2.9 versus 34.2?±?2.2 weeks for Groups 1 and 2, respectively. Group differences were significant (all p-values 5 household individuals, birth weight, and enrolment age. Overall, infants received 92.6 % of expected injections. Group 1 received significantly more injections, but a greater proportion of Group 2 received injections within recommended intervals. The hospitalization rates were similar for Groups 1 and 2 for respiratory illness (4.7 % vs. 3.7 %, p?=?0.1) and RSV (1.5 % vs. 1.4 %, p?=?0.3). Neither the time to first respiratory illness [hazard ratio?=?0.9, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.7-1.2, p?=?0.5] nor to first RSV hospitalization (hazard ratio?=?1.3, 95 % CI 0.8-2.2, p?=?0.3) were different. Compliance with RSV prophylaxis is high. Despite the higher number of palivizumab doses in infants =32 completed weeks GA, the two groups' respiratory illness and RSV-positive hospitalization rates were similar.