[Characteristic of the Genetic Variability of Four Polymorphic Variants (rs2069705, rs17880053, rs11126176, and rs804271) in Representative Samples of Indigenous and Alien Populations of Siberia].
The variability of potentially important functional polymorphic variants rs2069705 (5'UTR of the IFNG gene), rs17880053 (near 5'UTR of the IFNGR2), rs11126176 (LOC100287361 pseudogene), and rs804271 (near 5'UTR of the NEIL2 gene) was characterized in representatives of four ethnic groups living in the Siberian region. These ethnic groups included three indigenous Mongoloid ethnic groups (Yakuts, the residents of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Tuvinians from the Republic of Tuva, and Buryats from the Republic Buryatia) and the alien Russian population. All of the examined variants were polymorphic. The frequency of the rs2069705 allele C in Russians was 0.5833, while it was in a range from 0.7842 to 0.8967 in representatives of the indigenous populations. The frequency of rs17880053 deletion was 0.8073 in Russians and from 0.4474 to 0.5521 in the indigenous ethnic groups. The frequency of the rs11126176 allele A was equal to 0.5398 in Russians but was recorded with lower frequencies in indigenous ethnic groups (from 0.2722 to 0.4551). The frequency of the rs804271 allele Gwas 0.5215 in Russians and from 0.2527 to 0.4022 indigenous ethnic groups. With respect to the genotype structure, the alien Russian population was considerably distanced from indigenous Mongoloid populations. Specifically, the genetic distance was 0.0742 between Russians and Yakuts, 0.1365 between Russians and Tuvinians, and 0.1433 between Russians and Buryats. Among the Mongoloid indigenous ethnic groups of Siberia, Tuvinians and Yakuts were the most distant from each other (0.0262). The genetic distance was equal to 0.0151 between Yakuts and Buryats and 0.0127 between Buryats and Tuvinians.
The dynamics of population marriage structure in the period from 1951 to 1997 has been studied in three villages of Altai Republic: Kulada (Ongudaisk raion), Beshpeltir (Chemal raion), and Kurmach-Baigol (Turochak raion). These populations have been found to differ from one another in the intensity and direction of migration, as well a its temporal pattern with respect to the birthplaces and ethnicity of persons contracting marriages. Periods of active incorporation of non-Altaian (mostly Slavic) ethnic components into the gene pools of the Beshpeltir and Kurmach-Baigol populations have been detected. The geographic distributions of the birthplaces of men and women contracting marriages are different. Therefore, migration has different effects on the genetic diversity of the Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial-DNA pools. No isonymic marriages have been found in the Altaian populations studied; however, an increase in the random component of inbreeding has been observed.
The sex, age, tribal, and surname compositions of the populations of three villages of Altai Republic, Kulada (Ongudaisk raion), Beshpeltir (Chemal raion), and Kurmach-Baigol (Turochak raion) have been studied. Altaian populations are characterized by a high proportion of persons under 20 years of age (35.3-46.1%); however, there is a tendency towards a narrow base of the sex-age pyramid. The sex ratios in the total populations and in individual age groups are unfavorable. The rural populations studied differ in the spectrum and pattern of surname accumulation. The Kurmach-Baigol population (which consists of Northern Altaians) considerably differs from the Beshpeltir and Kulada populations (which are mostly Southern Altaian) with respect to the calculated parameters characterizing the population structure (random isonymy, migration index, the parameter of tribe diversity, entropy, and the redundancy of surname distribution). Isonymy coefficients of relationship between individual populations have been calculated from the data on tribes (surnames). These coefficients for pairs of populations are the following: for the Beshpeltir and Kulada populations, 0.3035938 (0.0000443 and 0.0000378 for the Altaian and total populations, respectively); for the Beshpeltir and Kurmach-Baigol populations, 0.0026788 (0.0000172 and 0.0000121 for the Altaian and total populations, respectively); and for the Kulada and Kurmach-Baigol populations, 0.0054811 (no common surnames have been found).
The ethnic, tribal, sex, and age composition was studied in populations of three districts of the Tuva Republic that were remote from one another. These were the Kyzylskii (the Shinaan population), Todzhinskii, and Bai-Taiginskii raions. The Todzhinskii population was characterized by a mixed ethnic composition dominated by Tuvinians and Russians (62.35 and 35.52%, respectively); the other two districts were only inhabited by Tuvinians. The studied populations differed from one another in the set and proportions of tribal groups--in the Todzhinskii raion, Turkic tribal groups were prevalent, whereas in the Shinaan and Bai-Taiginskii populations, many tribal groups of Mongolian origin were found. The estimations of relationship by isonymy indicated a considerable contribution of geographic isolation to the genetic differentiation of the populations: the estimated relationship between the highland Shinaan and Todzhinskii populations, which are difficult of access, was the minimum (Ri = 0.00262); the coefficients of the relationship by isonymy between the Shinaan and Bai-Taiginskii populations and between the Todzhinskii and Bai-Taiginskii populations were 0.00336 and 0.00483, respectively. All the studied populations were characterized by a "growing" age pyramid; however, the Bai-Taiginskii and Todzhinskii populations showed a tendency to narrowing its base. In addition, these two populations exhibited an unfavorable sex ratio at the reproductive age. The obtained results suggest that the Tuva population is genetically heterogeneous, which is accounted for by the tribal characteristics, the history of populations, and the geographic characteristics of the region.
Marriage structure was studied in three rural populations of the Tuva Republic: the Shinaan population and the populations of Todzhinskii and Bai-Taiginskii raions (districts). The Shinaan and Bai-Taiginskii populations had high levels of endogamy (0.6704 and 0.6050, respectively). In the Todzhinskii population, which was characterized by a mixed ethnic composition, endogamy was 0.3779 for the total population and 0.4626 for Tuvinians; interethnic marriages in this population were rare. The values of marriage assortativeness with respect to birthplace were 19.38, 40.75, 75.87, and 41.87% in the Shinaan, Bai-Taiginskii, all the Todzhinskii populations, and Tuvinian monoethnic marriages in the Todzhinskii raion, respectively. High marriage assortativeness with respect to ethnicity was found. Its values (A') were 91.85 and 93.49% in Tuvinians and Russians, respectively. Tuvinian populations were characterized by high inbreeding. The total (F(it)), random (Fst), and nonrandom inbreeding (Fis) estimated by isonymy were 0.004237, 0.002298, and 0.001944 in the Shinaan population, 0.007292, 0.009448, and -0.002177 in the Bai-Taiginskii population, and 0.003846, 0.004152, and -0.000307 in the Todzhinskii population, respectively (in the latter populations, the F(it), Fst, and Fis values for Tuvinian marriages alone were 0.005000, 0.007222, and -0.002238, respectively). The results obtained indicate that individual territorial groups of Tuvinians retain a high degree of genetic isolation from one another.
[Genetic demographic description of the Ust-Aldan rural population of Sakha Republic (Yakutia): ethnic, sex, and age compositions, vital statistics, and surname structure]
Information on the sex, age, and ethnic compositions; reproductive parameters; intensity of natural selection (Crow's indices); and surname diversity of three rural populations (the Byadi, Dyupsya, and Cheriktey villages) of the Ust-Aldan ulus (district) of Sakha Republic (Yakutia) has been analyzed. The rural Yakut population of the Ust-Aldan ulus is demographically young (the mean age 25-31 years) and characterized by low outbreeding, unfavorable sex ratio in both prereproductive and reproductive ages, and high fertility (3.58-5.45 children surviving until the reproductive age per woman that has completed the reproductive period), although the actual reproductively active period is shorter than half its physiological duration. In the structure of total selection, the differential-fertility component is considerably greater than the differential-mortality component (Itot = 0.625, Im = 0.093, and If = 0.487). In the villages studied, some surnames are accumulated (45-65% of the population have five most frequent surnames), which determines the low surname diversity (alpha = 11.62-25.19) and high random isonymy (Ir = 0.0391-0.0823).
Migrations, dynamics of the gametic structure of rural populations, and marriage structure with respect to birthplaces and inbreeding estimated from isonymy have been studied in the Ust-Aldan ulus (administrative district) of Sakha Republic (Yakutia). The villages studied (Byadi, Dyupsya, and Cheriktey) are characterized by intense migration; however, the migration radius is small (most migrations occur within the district). The rural populations studied differ in the intensities and directions of gamete flows and their dynamics. There is no substantial gamete flow into the Ust-Aldan population from outside Sakha Republic. About 50% of marriages contracted in this population are homolocal (between residents of the same district); the endogamy is low (15%). In most cases of heterolocal marriages (contracted between residents of different districts), one of the spouses is a local resident. The inbreeding estimated from isonymy is FTT = 0.002930 in Yakuts; it is mainly accounted for by the nonrandom component (FIS = 0.002232 and FST = 0.000700).
The changes in the marriage structure with respect to the age at marriage, ethnicity, and spouses' birthplaces during the period of time corresponding to two generations have been analyzed in the rural population of Shors of Tashtagolskii raion of Kemerovo oblast. In general, the Shor population had a high assortative marriage rate with respect to these parameters in the period studied, although there was a temporary tendency towards its decrease. The ages of marriage for both the male and the female Shor populations in the years 2000-2005 were significantly older than in 1940-1945 and 1970-1975. The age-assortative marriage rate was r = = 0.60 in 1940-1945, r = 0.73 in 1970-1975, and r = 0.66 in 2000-2005. The birthplace-assortative marriage rate decreased from 79.63% in 1970-1975 to 70.64% in 2000-2005. The ethnic assortative marriage rate of Shors steadily decreased during the time interval studied; it was 96.92, 89.95, and 80.98% in 1940-1945, 1970-1975, and 2000-2005, respectively, for the total rural population of Tashtagolskii raion.
The population dynamics and changes in the sex and age structure of the Shor populations of four rural district municipalities of Tashtagolskii raion of Kemerovo oblast (Kyzyl-Shorskii, Ust-Anzasskii, Ust-Kolzasskii, and Ust-Kabyrzinsskii) with time have been analyzed. The Shor populations have been found to have contained a high proportion of people under 18 years of age during two periods, 1940-1955 and 1970-1975 (38.12-46.38 and 40.98-54.97%, respectively). However, the population reproduction pattern changed into the "reduced" one in all the municipalities studied by the early 2000s. Although there are some regional variations, a common trend towards rural population aging has formed: the man age in the Tashtagolskii raion population has increased by 7.52 and 6.94 years for men and women, respectively, during two generations; the natural sex ratio has been disturbed in both the prereproductive and reproductive populations. The total population size and effective reproductive size have decreased in three out of the four rural subpopulations studied.
An assessment of the genetic diversity of the COI-COII mtDNA locus in honeybee populations from the Tomsk region was conducted. Three variants of the COI-COII mtDNA locus were registered: PQQ, PQQQ (typical for Middle Russian race), and Q (typical for southern breeds). It was established that 64% of bee colonies of the maternal line originate from the Middle Russian honeybee race, 28% of bee colonies originate from southern species, and 8% are mixed bee colonies. The southern parts of the region show a higher genetic diversity of honey bees as compared to northern regions, which are dominated by bee colonies (96%) and apiaries (73%) that are homogeneous for the genetic variant of locus COI-COII. The Tomsk region has no large areas with bee colonies maternally originating from the Middle Russian breed; only a few apiaries (both in the northern and southern areas) were revealed in which all bees originated from the Middle Russian breed.