Data on long-term outcome after intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) in ischemic stroke are limited. We examined the risk of long-term mortality, recurrent ischemic stroke, and major bleeding, including intracranial and gastrointestinal bleeding, in intravenous tPA-treated patients when compared with intravenous tPA eligible but nontreated patients with ischemic stroke.
We conducted a register-based nationwide propensity score-matched follow-up study among patients with ischemic stroke in Denmark (2004-2011). Cox regression analysis was used to compute adjusted hazard ratios for all outcomes.
Among 4292 ischemic strokes (2146 intravenous tPA-treated and 2146 propensity score-matched nonintravenous tPA-treated patients), with a follow-up for a median of 1.4 years, treatment with intravenous tPA was associated with a lower risk of long-term mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.49-0.88). The long-term risk of recurrent ischemic stroke (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 0.68-1.64) and major bleeding (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.24-1.47) did not differ significantly between the intravenous tPA-treated and nontreated patients.
Treatment with intravenous tPA in patients with ischemic stroke was associated with improved long-term survival.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The goals of this work were to investigate whether elevated total homocysteine (tHcy) measured within 24 hours of acute stroke was an independent risk factor for recurrent stroke and to compare levels of tHcy in groups of patients with diagnoses of ischemic and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular events. METHODS: We performed a longitudinal study of 1039 stroke patients (mean age, 75 years). Fasting tHcy was measured the morning after primary admission. Patients were followed up for 15 months. RESULTS: Serum homocysteine was significantly higher in the 105 patients who experienced a recurrent stroke during the follow-up period than in patients without recurrence. The geometric mean+/-SD was 13.4+/-10.7 versus 11.8+/-7.1 micromol/L (P=0.008), and the mean difference was 1.2 micromol/L [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05 to 2.3]. In a multiple logistic regression model, tHcy was an independent explanatory variable of recurrent stroke within 15 months (odds ratio, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.5) for each increase in tHcy of 10 micromol/L. At the index event, serum homocysteine was significantly higher in 909 patients with ischemic cerebrovascular events than in 130 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (geometric mean, 12.1+/-7.3 versus 10.4+/-5.2 micromol/L; P
Immediate recognition of stroke symptoms is crucial to ensure timely access to revascularisation therapy. Medical dispatchers ensure fast admission to stroke facilities by prioritising the appropriate medical response. Data on medical dispatchers' ability to recognise symptoms of acute stroke are therefore critical in organising emergency stroke care. We aimed to describe the sensitivity and positive predictive value of medical dispatchers' ability to recognise acute stroke during emergency calls, and to identify factors associated with recognition.
This was an observational study of 2653 consecutive unselected patients with a final diagnosis of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). All admitted through the Emergency Medical Services Copenhagen, during a 2-year study period (2012-2014). Final diagnoses were matched with dispatch codes from the Emergency Medical Dispatch Centre. Sensitivity and positive predictive value were calculated. The effect of age, gender, and time-of-day was analysed using multivariable logistic regression.
The sensitivity was 66.2 % (95 % CI: 64.4 %-68.0 %), and the positive predictive value was 30.2 % (95 % CI: 29.1 %-31.4 %). The multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that emergency calls during daytime and a final diagnosis of TIA vs. intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), was positively associated with recognition of stroke (OR 2.70, 95 % CI: 2.04-3.57).
This study reports a high rate of stroke recognition compared to other studies ranging from 31% to 74%. The high sensitivity is likely the result of a profound reorganisation of the Emergency Medical ServicesCopenhagen, including the introduction of EMDs with a medical profession, and a criteria-based dispatch tool. A recognition rate of 100 % is not obtainable without an inappropriate amount of false positive cases.
We report an overall high recognition of stroke by medical dispatchers. A final diagnosis of TIA, compared to ICH, was positively associated with recognition of acute stroke. Emergency medical dispatchers serve as the essential first step in ensuring fast-track stroke treatment, which would promote timely acute therapy.
Older patients are associated with increased stroke prevalence, worse outcome, and risk of undertreatment in comparison with younger patients. The aim of the present study was to compare risk factor distribution and functional outcome in stroke survivors older and younger than 80 years.
The analysis was based on consecutive patients admitted within 6 hours after stroke onset and discharged with ischemic stroke, surviving at least 3 months after ictus. To prevent bias, the analysis was based on a registry from before implementation of tissue plasminogen activator treatment; all patients received stroke unit care in accordance with the guidelines. The population was dichotomized into patients aged less than 80 years and 80 years of age or older. Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score and Barthel Index (BI) were used to assess 3-month and 1-year outcome.
Patients 80 years of age or older presented with significantly more severe strokes than younger patients, median Scandinavian Stroke Scale score 39 vs 42 (P = .003). Median mRS score before stroke was significantly higher in patients aged 80 years or older (P
Today, highly active antiretroviral therapy is lifesaving for most HIV-infected patients, but the treatment can result in facial lipoatrophy, which changes the face so radically that patients may develop severe psychological and social problems. Since 2001 polyacrylamide gel (PAAG) has been used successfully in HIV patients abroad. This article describes the results of a Danish study.
Forty HIV patients recruited from two major referral hospitals in the capitol area of Copenhagen, Denmark, each received a series of PAAG gel injections (small deposits in several sessions) with a 14-day interval. Patient satisfaction, injector's evaluation, evaluation by an external specialist in plastic surgery, and long-term aesthetic effect and complications were registered with follow-up until 2 years.
All patients were very satisfied or satisfied with the result. The injector found the result very satisfying in 33 cases and a slight irregularity in 7. The external specialist found improvement in all cases with a one-grade reduction of the lipoatrophy in 11 cases, a two-grade reduction in 20, and a three-grade reduction in 3 cases. No filler-associated complications were recorded.
This study has shown that PAAG can normalize contours in patients suffering from facial lipoatrophy within 3-6 sessions, with a mean amount of gel per session of 1.8 ml and a mean total amount of 8.8 ml. The results are in accordance with those of other large studies, confirming a high degree of biocompatibility and safety.
Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) has shown decreasing population trends in most areas of Europe until recently, when populations in some areas started to recover. For Norway it was postulated that PCB concentrations in the south would be high and that levels in otters will show a geographic pattern that can be related to female otter reproductive health. Concentrations of PCBs (measured as the sum of 30 congeners ranging from 0.58 to 29 mg/kg lipid weight [geometric mean 6.18 mg/kg]) were lower than those found in otters from most other European countries. PCB concentrations did not decrease in otters collected during the period from 1979 to 1990. However, a south-to-north gradient of increasing PCB concentrations in otter livers was found along the Norwegian coast. Actual PCB concentrations had not affected the reproductive health of female otters (implanted embryos, implantation sites, regressive structures). This provides valuable information on PCB concentrations tolerated by Eurasian otters at the population level.
To assess the risk of cerebrovascular events (CVEs) in HIV-infected individuals and evaluate the impact of proven risk factors, injection drug abuse (IDU), immunodeficiency, HAART and family-related risk factors.
Nationwide, population-based cohort study.
The study population included all Danish HIV-infected individuals, a population-based comparison cohort and parents of both cohorts - all with no prior cerebral comorbidity. We computed incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of overall CVEs and CVEs with and without proven risk factors, stratifying the analyses on IDU. Impact of immunodeficiency, HAART, protease inhibitors, indinavir, didanosin, tenofovir and abacavir on risk of CVEs was analyzed using time-dependent Cox regression analyses.
HIV-infected individuals had an increased risk of CVEs compared with the comparison cohorts [(non-IDU HIV adjusted IRR 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32-1.94), (IDU HIV adjusted IRR 3.94; 95% CI 2.16-7.16)]. The risk was increased with and without proven risk factors. A CD4 cell count of 200 cells/µl or less before the start of HAART and exposure to abacavir increased the risk of CVE [(adjusted IRR 2.26; 95% CI 1.05-4.86) and (adjusted IRR 1.66; 95% CI 1.03-2.68)]. Protease inhibitors, indinavir, didanosin, tenofovir and HAART in general had no impact. Risk of CVEs was only increased in the parents of IDU HIV-infected individuals.
HIV-infected individuals have an increased risk of CVEs with and without proven risk factors. The risk is associated with IDU, low CD4 cell count and exposure to abacavir, but not with HAART. An association with family-related risk factors seems vague except for parents of IDU individuals.
